Factors influencing this variation include a country’s financial resources, the extent of health insurance and health facilities, how frequently people interact with physicians and non-physician health personnel, whether a clear and widely adopted clinical guideline exists and the availability of medicines.
The use and effectiveness of hypertension treatment vary substantially across countries. Measures such as increasing the availability and affordability of fresh fruits and vegetables, lowering the sodium content of packaged and prepared food and staples such as bread, and improving the availability of dietary salt substitutes can help lower blood pressure in the entire population. In 2015, an estimated 8.5 million deaths were attributable to systolic blood pressure >115 mmHg, 88% of which were in low-income and middle-income countries. Given these trends, the prevalence of hypertension is now higher in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. By contrast, blood pressure has risen in East, South and Southeast Asia, Oceania and sub-Saharan Africa.
Mean blood pressure and the prevalence of raised blood pressure have declined substantially in high-income regions since at least the 1970s.
High blood pressure is one of the most important risk factors for ischaemic heart disease, stroke, other cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease and dementia.
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